1/24/2024 0 Comments Siberian mouse tanja blowjob![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Shift workers are forced to be active and to sleep at time periods that are out of sync with their endogenous time-keeping system. In addition, the Nurses’ Health Study demonstrated enhanced mortality due to cardiovascular diseases or lung cancer ( 3). In this latter population epidemiological studies provide alarming data on shift workers showing increased rates of longstanding illnesses ( 2). About 15-25% of the world-wide population is working in shifts ( 1), in particular health care workers. Shift work includes early morning, evening, or night shifts, as well as fixed or rotating shifts. Our 24/7 society leads to an increase in shift work with work schedules that fall outside the standard work hours from 7 AM to 6 PM. Finally, we will outline feasible countermeasures that may reduce the risk of systemic and skin autoimmunity in shift workers, as well as treatment options and highlight outstanding questions that should be addressed in future studies. We will also address advantages and potential pitfalls in animal models of shift work, and possible confounders that could drive skin autoimmune diseases in shift workers such as adverse lifestyle habits and psychosocial influences. Human studies as well as animal models were considered. This review summarizes the effects of shift work, circadian misalignment, poor sleep, and the effect of potential hormonal mediators such as stress mediators or melatonin on skin barrier functions and on innate and adaptive skin immunity. Presumably, disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle also drive skin-specific autoimmune diseases, but epidemiological and experimental evidence so far is scarce. Thus, shift workers are at higher risk to develop a systemic autoimmune disease and circadian disruption with sleep impairment seem to be the key underlying mechanisms. Shift work is associated with systemic chronic inflammation, impaired host and tumor defense and dysregulated immune responses to harmless antigens such as allergens or auto-antigens. 4Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.3Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.2Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.1Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.Sarah Stenger 1*† Hanna Grasshoff 2† Jennifer Elisabeth Hundt 1,3† Tanja Lange 2,3,4*† ![]()
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